民勤绿洲枣树、杨树防护林经济效益对比分析

对民勤绿洲枣树林带、杨树林带及其防护下的作物进行经济效益对比分析 ,结果表明 :枣树林带防护下小麦的产量比杨树下的高 7.9% ,玉米的产量比杨树下的高 4 .2 % ;枣树林带胁地范围比杨树林带小 3～ 6m ;枣树林带的年均净收入是 6 584 .2 3元 / (hm2 林网 ) ,投入产出比是 9.2 8,分别是杨树林带的 16 .7倍和 3.78倍。枣树林带相对杨树林带经济效益明显。近林带 30m的范围内作物的产量曲线呈“S”型 ,可分为强烈减产带、平稳过渡带和产量恢复带。适宜在民勤地区大力推广经济型枣树防护林     

黄脊竹蝗空间格局及抽样技术的初步研究

本文采用聚集度指标法和回归分析法，对黄脊竹蝗在林间的空间格局进行测定，并采用刀切法给出了聚集度指标的估计区间，3次设计最优拟合提高了回归模型参数的精度；结果表明，黄脊竹蝗在林间为聚集分布，分布的基本成分是个体群。     

美国白蛾寄生性天敌昆虫利用技术

首先调查寄生性天敌昆虫种类及生物学特性 ,其次在防治措施上力求保护天敌昆虫 ,并人工助迁或规模化繁育天敌昆虫用于生产防治 ,同时要合理配置植物群落 ,创造天敌昆虫生存与繁衍的有利条件 ,增强自然控制能力 ,达到可持续控制。     

Soil and foliar phosphorus as indicators of sustainability for Pinus radiata plantation forestry in New Zealand

We investigated how multiple-crop forestry has influenced the magnitude and variability of soil and plant phosphorus (P) fertility and site disturbance. Kinleith Forest, on Mamaku Plateau, covers >100,000 ha and comprises mainly plantation Pinus radiata. Three study areas in the forest were chosen to represent natural state (native forest), first crop of P. radiata (24 years growth), and second crop of P. radiata (4 years growth of second crop). The adjacent areas have similar relief and climate, and the soils are all the same age, being predominantly Andic Haplohumods developed in 1770 calendar-year-old non-welded tephra (Taupo Ignimbrite, ca. 0.5–0.8 m in thickness) and overlying a buried paleosol on earlier tephric material.

Soil properties were compared using a random geometric sampling scheme stratified in a 40-m grid. Soil samples (0–20 cm) were taken at 1.5, 4.5 and 13 m spatial intervals in random directions away from each primary node, providing 192 sample sites for each study area. Additionally at selected sites, samples of the current year's foliage from the upper crowns were collected, the thickness of Taupo Ignimbrite (i.e. depth to buried paleosol) was recorded by augering, and site disturbance was assessed using a new six-point scale based on change relative to a modal soil profile. Geostatistics and geographical information systems (GIS) were used to assess variability and effects of forest management on the measured properties. Soil Bray-2 P concentrations were below guidelines for satisfactory growth (12 mg kg⁻¹) at all sites, and no differences were recorded between the different management areas. However, the amount of within-site variability in Bray-2 P increased with the number of crops. Foliar P concentrations were only marginally deficient in both the first and second crops, indicating that P is currently not significantly limiting growth. The lack of difference in foliar P between first and second crops indicates no crop-to-crop decline in foliar P status and suggests that no site P fertility decline has occurred. The soils have an unusual ability to continue releasing P through successive sequential extractions in the Bray-2 P test, indicating a strong buffering capacity, and this may explain the apparent lack of deficiency even with Bray-2 P values of <12 mg kg⁻¹. The site disturbance index increased and the spatial distribution of P data became increasingly variable with crop rotation.

GIS, inverse-distance weighting and kriging proved useful in illustrating the trends between crops. The spatial variability of results indicated that there was no obvious pattern to the variability and that more site-specific forest management in the region would be difficult. However, there was some evidence that less disturbance during harvesting may minimise variability of soil P supply.     

西洋百合“卢浮宫”的组培技术研究

以鳞片为外植体、MS为基本培养基,以不同激素成分及不同质量浓度水平下诱导西洋百合"卢浮宫"的小鳞茎状突起,进行组培试验。结果表明:"卢浮宫"百合的诱导以取其完整的鳞片为外植体、并以鳞片背部突起处紧贴于MS 6 BA2 0mg·L-1 NAA0 2mg·L-1的培养基上诱导效果为最好。"卢浮宫"百合的诱导是由外植体(鳞片)产生小鳞茎状突起而分化成苗的,并不经愈伤组织分化产生。筛选出的最佳继代增殖培养基为MS 6 BA0 7mg·L-1 IBA0 3mg·L-1,生根培养基为1 2MS 6 BA0 3mg·L-1 IBA0 7mg·L-1。移植基质选择河泥和珍珠岩(体积比7∶3)混合,成活率达98%。     

Multiscale spatial variation of the bark beetle Ips sexdentatus damage in a pine plantation forest (Landes de Gascogne,Southwestern France)

Bark beetles are notorious pests of natural and planted forests causing extensive damage. These insects depend on dead or weakened trees but can switch to healthy trees during an outbreak as mass-attacks allow the beetle to overwhelm tree defences. Climatic events like windstorms are known to favour bark beetle outbreaks because they create a large number of breeding sites, i.e., weakened trees and for this reason, windthrown timber is generally preventively harvested and removed. In December 1999, the southwest of France was struck by a devastating windstorm that felled more that 27 million m³of timber. This event offered the opportunity to study large-scale spatial pattern of trees attacked by the bark beetle Ips sexdentatus and its relationship with the spatial location of pine logs that were temporally stored in piles along stand edges during the post-storm process of fallen tree removal. The study was undertaken in a pure maritime pine forest of 1300 ha in 2001 and 2002. We developed a landscape approach based on a GIS and a complete inventory of attacked trees. During this study more than 70% of the investigated stands had at least one tree attacked by I. sexdentatus  . Spatial aggregation prevailed in stands with n≥15$n\ge 15$ attacked trees. Patches of attacked trees were identified using a kernel estimation procedure coupled with randomization tests. Attacked trees formed patches of 500–700 m² on average which displayed a clumped spatial distribution. Log piles stemming from the sanitation removals were mainly distributed along the large access roads and showed an aggregated spatial pattern as well. The spatial relationship between patches of attacked trees and log pile storage areas was analyzed by means of the Ripley’s statistic that revealed a strong association at the scale of the studied forest. Our results indicated that bark beetle attacks were facilitated in the vicinity of areas where pine logs were stored. The spatial extent of this relationship was >1000 m. Similar results were obtained in 2001 and 2002 despite differences in the number and spatial distribution of attacked trees. The presence of a strong “facilitation effect” suggests that log piles should be removed quickly in order to prevent outbreaks of bark beetles.     

切花百合寒地引种及其鳞片扦插技术探讨

以荷兰引进的6个切花百合品种为试材,在黑龙江哈尔滨和宾县东部山区林地,进行温室和露地栽培、鳞片扦插繁殖和种球越冬栽培试验.结果表明,露地栽培和温室栽培交替进行可有效复壮种球,提高产花质量;多数百合品种春季低温处理后的鳞片扦插繁殖率和成苗率远高于夏季休眠鳞片,22℃恒温繁殖率高于变温;椰糠和草碳水藓混合基质(1∶1)为鳞片扦插的最佳基质,将鳞片二等分分割可有效提高扦插繁殖率和成苗率;亚洲杂种百合可在高寒引种地露地越冬栽培,黑龙江省东部山区林地的特殊生态条件适于亚洲百合种球的繁育.     

Modeling spatial variability in the life-cycle costs of low-volume forest roads

Cost estimation is probably the most decisive factor in the process of computer-aided, preliminary planning for low-volume road networks. However, the cost of construction is normally assumed to be route-independent for a specific project area, resulting in sub-optimal layouts. This is especially true for mountainous terrain and in areas with unstable subsoil. Here, we present a model for more accurately estimating spatial variability in road life-cycle costs, based on terrain surface properties as well as geological properties of the subsoil. This parametric model incorporates four structural components: embankment, retaining structures, pavement, and drainage and stream-crossing structures. It is linked to a geo-database that allows users to derive location-specific parameter values as input. In applying this model, we have demonstrated that variability in costs ranges widely for mountainous areas, with the most expensive construction being approximately five times greater there than on more favorable sites. This variability strongly affects the optimal layout of a road network. First, when location-specific slope gradients are considered, costs are reduced by about 17% from those calculated via currently available engineering practices; when both slope gradient and geotechnical formations are included, those costs are decreased by about 20%. Second, the length of the road network is increased by about 4% and 10% respectively, compared with current practices.     

武夷山风景名胜区景观空间格局研究

景观结构又称景观空间格局 ,是大小和形状不一的景观嵌块体在景观空间上的排列 (伍业钢等 ,1992 )。景观结构决定着景观功能 ,而功能的改变最终将从结构的变化中反映出来 ,因此 ,景观空间格局研究是景观生态学三大核心问题的核心 (贾宝全等 ,2 0 0 1)。景观异质性是景观最重要的属性之一 (Formanetal .,1986 ;Risseretal.,1984 ;Turner,1987) ,而景观空间格局既是景观异质性的具体体现者 ,同时又是多种生态过程在不同尺度上作用的最终结果 (贾宝全等 ,2 0 0 1)。景观空间格局及其变化和发展是自然、生物和社会要素相互作用的结果 ,影响着…     

基于GIS的森林资源遥感调查方法研究

在试验研究的基础上 ,提出了在GIS支持下的遥感数据预处理 样地调查 前期调查信息叠合 -图象判读 -调查因子估测的技术路线 ,充分利用前期调查图面信息、小班属性数据信息进行遥感图象判读和小班调查因子估测的技术方法 ,有效地提高了判读的正判率和调查因子的估计精度 ,并产出了 1∶1万小班基本图 ,提高了调查成果的实用性